NASA

-------------------------> http://science.nasa.gov <-------------------------------

March 2, 2011: In 2008-2009, sunspots almost completely disappeared for two years. Solar activity dropped to hundred-year lows;  Earth's upper atmosphere cooled and collapsed; the sun’s magnetic field weakened, allowing cosmic rays to penetrate the Solar System in record numbers. It was a big event, and solar physicists openly wondered, where have all the sunspots gone?  

"Plasma currents deep inside the sun interfered with the formation of sunspots and prolonged solar minimum," says lead author Dibyendu Nandi of the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research in Kolkata. "Our conclusions are based on a new computer model of the sun's interior."

For years, solar physicists have recognized the importance of the sun's "Great Conveyor Belt." A vast system of plasma currents called ‘meridional flows’ (akin to ocean currents on Earth)  travel along the sun's surface, plunge inward around the poles, and pop up again near the sun's equator.  These looping currents play a key role in the 11-year solar cycle.  When sunspots begin to decay, surface currents sweep up their magnetic remains and pull them down inside the star; 300,000 km below the surface, the sun’s magnetic dynamo amplifies the decaying magnetic fields.  Re-animated sunspots become buoyant and bob up to the surface like a cork in water—voila!  A new solar cycle is born.

For the first time, Nandi’s team believes they have developed a computer model that gets the physics right for all three aspects of this process--the magnetic dynamo, the conveyor belt, and the buoyant evolution of sunspot magnetic fields.

"According to our model, the trouble with sunspots actually began in back in the late 1990s during the upswing of Solar Cycle 23," says co-author Andrés Muñoz-Jaramillo of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. "At that time, the conveyor belt sped up."

The fast-moving belt rapidly dragged sunspot corpses down to sun's inner dynamo for amplification. At first glance, this might seem to boost sunspot production, but no. When the remains of old sunspots reached the dynamo, they rode the belt through the amplification zone too hastily for full re-animation.  Sunspot production was stunted. 

----------------->http://science.nasa.gov/ <------------------ 

-------------> http://www.space.com/ <----------------

Read More

WORLD WAR

WORLD WAR I

1st January 1915
Allied offensive in Artois and Champagne begins.
15th January 1915
Japan's makes 21 demands on China.
19th Janaury 1915
First German zeppelin air raid on England.
27th January 1916
President Wilson launches a nationwide whistle-stop campaign to generate support for Preparedness and the Continental Army with three speeches in New York.
31st January 1916
The U.S War College Division warns its civilian employees "to engage in no discussion whatever concerning the progress of the European War".
9th January 1917
German leaders decide to launch unrestricted U-boat warfare.
10th January 1917
Allies state peace objectives in response to US President Woodrow Wilson's December 1916 peace note.
19th January 1917
Reich Foreign Secretary Zimmermann's telegram to Mexico urging her entry into war against the United States is discovered and translated by the British.
22nd January 1917
"Peace without Victory." speech is made by President Wilson.
31st January 1917
Germany announces that it will resume unrestricted U-boat warfare from the 1st February.
8th January 1918
President Woodrow Wilson delivers his fourteen points speech to the U.S. Congress.
10th January 1919
Communists begin a revolt in Berlin.
15th January 1919
The revolt by Communists in Berlin is crushed. German socialist rebels Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg are murdered.
18th Janaury 1919
Start of peace negotiations in Paris.
25th January 1919
Peace conference accepts principle of a League of Nations.

WORD WAR II

3rd January 1942
Churchill and Roosevelt announce the unified ABDA (American, British, Dutch and Australian) Command in the Southwest Pacific, under General Wavell, with Lieutenant General Brett as his deputy.
4th January 1942
The Red Army captures Kaluga to the southwest of Moscow. Japanese aircraft attack Rabaul in the Bismarck Archipelago. Chiang Kai-shek is appointed as Supreme allied commander in China.
5th January 1942
German forces in the Crimea repulse a Soviet landing at Eupatoria. 80,000 US and Filipino troops successfully complete their withdrawal to the Bataan Peninsula, along with 26,000 civilians, although food stocks are only sufficient to sustain 43,000 men for 6 months. The Japanese quickly close up to the first defensive position, which is based on Mounts Santa Rosa and Natib.
6th January 1942
Rommel's battered forces reach the Tripolitanian frontier having evaded all British attempts to cut them off. In Moscow, the Russian Foreign Minister denounces German atrocities in occupied Russia, where in Kiev alone 52,000 people have been massacred. ‘The Soviet Union will never forget or forgive’. Roosevelt announces that US forces are to be based in UK.
7th January 1942
The Soviet North West Front begins an offensive south of Lake Ilmen in an attempt to encircle Demyansk. At the same time the newly created Volkhov Front launches an attack to force the Germans back from around Leningrad. Roosevelt’s first War Budget includes $13,250 million of defence expenditure. Japanese troops complete their capture of Sarawak and also take Jesselton in northern Borneo. British forces continue to retreat south through central Malaya as the Japanese force a crossing of the river Slim. The British commander, General Arthur E. Percival, hopes to be able to hold at Johore until at least mid February.
8th January 1940
N/A
9th January 1940
Japanese troops launch an attack against the eastern side of the Santa Rosa-Natib defence line on Bataan, making some gains, although US-Filipino counter-attacks forces them back to their start-line.

WORLD WAR III

------------> "Not Start"

Read More